Work can be defined as transfer of energy. In physics we say that work is done on an object when you transfer energy to that object. If one object transfers (gives) energy to a second object, then the first object does work on the second object....
The change in direction of the path of light, when it passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium, is called refraction.
Refraction of light is essentially a surface phenomenon.
Refraction is caused because of the change...
Sound is a vibration that typically propagates as an audible wave of pressure, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. In human physiology and psychology, sound is the reception of such waves and their perception by the...
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually exhibits electromagnetic fields such as...
The movement of electric charge is known as an electric current and its intensity is measured in amperes. Depending on the medium, electric charges are carried by:
Moving electrons in a wire
Ions in an electrolyte
Both ions and electrons in...
Deviation:
When a light ray enters one refracting surface of the prism, it bends towards the normal and when it emerges out of the other refracting surface it bends away from the normal. The angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray is...
Periodic properties and their variations in groups and periods. Definitions of following periodic properties and trends in these properties in groups and periods should be studied: atomic size, metallic character, non-metallic character,...
Definition of Coordinate Bond: The lone pair effect of the oxygen atom of the water molecule and the nitrogen atom of the ammonia molecule to explain the formation of H3O+ and OH- ions in water and NH4+ion. The meaning of lone pair; the formation...
Simple definitions in terms of the molecules and their characteristic properties. Self-explanatory. Ions present in mineral acids, alkalis and salts and their solutions; use of litmus and pH paper to test for acidity and alkalinity. Definition of...
On solution of salts: Colour of salt and its solution. Action on addition of Sodium Hydroxide to solution of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb salts drop by drop in excess. Formation and colour of hydroxide precipitated to be highlighted. with the help of...
Idea of mole - a number just as dozen, a gross; Avogadro's Law - statement and explanation; Gay Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes. – statement and explanation, "the mass of 22.4 litres of any gas at S.T.P. is equal to its molar mass". (Questions...
Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Substances containing molecules only, ions only, both molecules and ions. An elementary study of the migration of ions, with reference to the factors influencing selective discharge of ions, illustrated by the...
General properties with special reference to physical properties: state, lustre, melting point, density, ductility, malleability, brittleness, conduction of electricity (exceptions to be specifically noted - e.g. graphite, mercury); chemical...
Hydrogen chloride: preparation of hydrogen chloride from sodium chloride; refer to the density and solubility of hydrogen chloride (fountain experiment); reaction with ammonia; acidic properties of its solution. Preparation of hydrogen chloride...
Unique nature of Carbon atom - tetra valency, catenation, formation of single, double and triple bonds, straight chain, branched chain and cyclic compounds. Structure of compounds with single, double and triple bonds; Isomerism - structural...
Cell cycle - Interphase (G1, S, G2) and M.phase. Cell Division: Mitosis and its stages. A basic understanding of Meiosis as a reduction division (stages not required). Significance and major differences between mitotic and meiotic division. Basic...
Water is very crucial for plants for different metabolic activities. One of the most significant functions of the roots is to absorb water and minerals from the soil. Terrestrial plants obtain their water supply from the soil. The method of water...
Composition of blood (Structure and functions of RBC, WBC and platelets). Brief idea of tissue fluid and lymph. Increase in efficiency of mammalian red blood cells due to absence of certain organelles should be explained with reasons. A brief...
Aids to health: an understanding of the use and action of the following - vaccination; immunisation; antitoxin; serum; antiseptics; disinfectants; penicillin; sulphonamide drugs; First Aid. An idea of local defense system and their merits, active...
Types of pollution - air, water, (fresh and marine) soil, radiation and noise. (ii) Sources of pollution and major pollutant: Sources of pollution and major pollutant: Air: Vehicular, industrial, burning garbage, brick kilns. Water: Household...
Force:
A Force is that physical cause which changes or tends to change either the size or shape or the state of rest or motion of the body.
From the point of view of an application, they are 2 types, Contact and Non-Contact forces.
SI Unit...
It is a device by which we can either overcome a large resistive force (or load) at some point by applying a small force (or effort) at a convenient point and in a desired direction or by which we can obtain a gain in speed.
Principle of a...
Lens :A lens is a transparent refracting medium bounded by two curved surfaces which are generally spherical.
Uses of a convex lens
It is used in a number of optical instruments such as camera, telescope, microscope and so on.·It is used as...
Electrical energy:
Electrical energy is energy that’s stored in charged particles within an electric field. Electrical energy can be used to move charged particles through a wire from a power plant to our homes and businesses. The movement of...
Heat – The kinetic energy due to random motion of the molecules of a substance is known as its heat energy. Each body possesses heat energy in form of its internal kinetic energy.
Calorimetry – The measurement of the quantity of heat is...
Electron Emission:
The free electrons in a metal if supplied with sufficient energy, from outside, leave the metal surface. The process of emission of electrons from the metal surface is called electron emission.
Work Function:
The minimum...
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
Salts of ammonia have been known from very early times. .As early as the thirteenth century, ammonia was known to the alchemists.In 1909, Fintz Haber and Carl Bosch developed...
Properties of Sulphuric Acid:
Sulphuric Acid has molecular formula H2SO4and molecular mass of 98.
Sulphuric acid is called 'King of Chemicals' because of its extensive use in a large number of industries.
Sulphuric acid is a powerful...
Nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid.
The synthesis of nitric acid was first recorded ca. 800 AD by the alchemist Jabir ibnHayyan, a.k.a. Gerber.
Formula: HNO3
Molar Mass:...
The excretory system is essential to one’s health. Its responsibility is to remove waste from the body.
Excretion:
Removal of nitrogenous waste from the body due to its metabolic activities is called excretion.
Excretory organs:
The...
The nervous system controls and coordinates all activities of the body. Here are some important points about the nervous system.
Receives stimuli from sense organs and responds appropriately.
Remembers previous experiences thus, allowing...
The cell is the fundamental and structural unit of life and cells are often called the "building blocks of life".
Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell, ex: bacteria) or multicellular (consisting more than one...
There are two types of reproduction systems in animals:
Asexual reproduction: A type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only.
For example, bacteria divide asexually...
Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants are able to synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of chlorophyll and light energy.
About Photosynthesis:
In photosynthesis, the energy from sunlight is used to...
Transpiration:
Transpiration is the loss of water due to evaporation that occurs through stomata in the leaves. It helps in transporting water and minerals, cools leaf surfaces by evaporative cooling and maintains the shape and structure of...
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by ductless glands or endocrine glands sent to act on a specific organ in the body to control or regulate different processes. They are transported by the circulatory system to their ‘target’...
Gene: A gene is a region of DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity.The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits.
Allele: Every gene has two...
There is a wide variety of health systems around the world, with as many histories and organisational structures as there are nations. Implicitly, nations must design and develop health systems in accordance with their needs and resources,...
Population: Population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species living in one area and can inbreed among themselves.
Industrial revolution: The rapid development of the industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th...
Properties of Sulphuric Acid:
Sulphuric Acid has molecular formula H2SO4and molecular mass of 98.
Sulphuric acid is called 'King of Chemicals' because of its extensive use in a large number of industries.
Sulphuric acid is a powerful...
